Suplementación de vacas en lactación con Crescentia alata Kunth más urea / Supplementation of cows in lactation with Crescentia alata Kunth plus urea

La escasez de recursos alimenticios en época seca afecta negativamente la producción lechera del hato bovino. El fruto de morro (Crescentia alata Kunth) es una opción en la zona oriental de Guatemala para la suplementación de vacas en lactación. Se evalúo el efecto del morro fresco más urea sobre el consumo total de materia seca (MS) del suplemento y la producción de leche total vaca/día, aplicándose el diseño cuadrado latino en sobre cambio con cuatro tratamientos y tres repeticiones, utilizándose 12 vacas encastadas de doble propósito, en el cuarto parto y el segundo mes de lactación con promedio de 8 kg leche/día. Los tratamientos fueron: TI = napier morado picado (3.12 kg MS), alimento balanceado comercial (1.21 kg MS) y melaza; TII = TI más morro (1.0 kg MS), TIII = TII más urea (0.1 kg) y TIV = TI más morro (2.0 kg MS) más urea (0.1 kg). Después de 60 días, se observó un efecto sustitutivo parcial y un efecto descendiente sobre el consumo de MS de napier morado, respectivamente. Así mismo, se observó un incremento en el consumo total de MS del suplemento cuando se aumentaron los nive-les de morro, no así al adicionar urea en la misma. La producción de leche aumentó significativamente cuando se incrementaron los niveles de morro. Sin embargo, a un mismo nivel de morro, la inclusión de urea causó una reducción baja (3%) pero significativa (p < .001) sobre el consumo de MS total del suplemento.

The shortage of food resources in the dry season negatively affects the milk production of the herd. The fruit of morro (Crescentia alata Kunth) is an option in the eastern region of Guatemala for the supplementation of cows in lactation. The effect of the use of fresh morro plus urea on the total Dry Matter consumption (DM) of the supplement and the production of total milk of cows/day. A Latin Square statistical design was used with four treatments and three replications, using 12 crossbreed cows in the fourth childbirth and the second month of lactation with an average production of 8 kg milk/day. The treatments were: TI = minced purple napier (3.12 kg DM), commercial balanced feed (1.21 kg DM) and molasses; TII = TI plus nose (1 kg DM), TIII = TII plus urea (0.1 kg) and TIV = TI plus morro (2 kg MS) plus urea (0.1 kg). After 60 days, a partial replacement effect and a decreasing effect on the consumption of purple napier DM were observed, respectively. Likewise, an increase in the total consumption of DM of the supplement was observed when the morro levels were increased, but not when urea was added to it. Milk production increased significantly when morro levels increased. However, at the same morro level, the inclusion of urea caused a low (3%) but significant (p < .001) reduction on the total DM consumption of the supplement.

Desempenho produtivo de cultivares de alface americana na estação seca da Amazônia central / Productivity performance in cultivars of crisphead lettuce in the dry season of central Amazonia

Na Amazônia a base da exploração comercial de olericolas é o reconhecimento de cultivares e/ou variedades que evidenciem melhor adaptabilidade para as condições edafoclimaticas locais, associados aos níveis de produtividade comercial em função do sistema de cultivo adotado. Neste sentido, o trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a variabilidade morfológica, qualidade e a produtividade entre cultivares de alface tipo americana, cultivadas a campo, em canteiros na presença e ausência de mulching orgânico, no período de estação seca da Amazônia central, estabelecendo-se um experimento no município de Presidente Figueiredo ­ AM. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial constituídos por 2 preparos de canteiro x 19 cultivares de alface americana, com quatro repetições. Os componentes avaliados foram; estabilidade morfológica; sanidade das plantas; matéria fresca comercial, diâmetro da cabeça comercial, altura das plantas, numero de folhas, comprimento do caule e estimativa da produtividade comercial Kg ha-1. O teste F (p<0,05) detectou diferenças significativas entre o fator correspondente as cultivares, e na interação apenas para sanidade, matéria fresca comercial, numero de folhas e comprimento do caule. Com exceção da estabilidade morfológica, no agrupamento das medias pelo teste Scott-Knott 5 % detectou-se diferença significativa para todas as características avaliadas entre as cultivares. As cultivares Gloriosa, Havassu, Ironwood, Kaiser e Winslon estabeleceram-se mais estáveis na formação de cabeças com melhores resultados agronômicos sobre as características avaliadas para as condições fitotécnicas e edafoclimaticas presentes neste ensaio.

In Amazon the exploration base commercial of vegetable crops is recognition of cultivars and / or varieties that show better adaptability to local conditions, associated with the levels of productivity commercial depending on the crop system. In this sense, the work aimed to evaluate the morphological stability, quality and productivity among cultivars crisphead lettuce, cultivated in seedbeds in the presence and absence of organic mulching, during the dry season in central Amazonia, stabilizing an experiment in municipality of Presidente Figueiredo - AM. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a factorial design consisting of 2 preparations of seedbeds x 19 cultivars of lettuce, with four replications. The components evaluated were; morphological variability; sanity of plants; the fresh materia commercial; commercial head diameter; plant height; number of leaves; stem length and estimated marketable yield kg ha-1. The F test (p <0.05) revealed significant differences the factor corresponding between cultivars and the interaction only for sanity, fresh commercial mass, leaves number and stem length. With the exception of morphological variation in the grouping of averages by the Scott-Knott test at 5 % significant difference was detected for all traits among cultivars. The cultivars; Gloriosa, Havassu, Ironwood, Kaiser and Winslon establish more stable to form heads with better results on agronomic characteristics evaluated for soil and parameters climatic in conditions gifts in this essay.

Temporal variation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cordia curassavica (Jacq) Roemer and Schultes: Boraginaceae / Variación temporal de la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Cordia curassavica (Jacq) Roemer y Schultes: Boraginaceae

The people of San Rafael Coxcatlán use Cordia curassavica to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. The aim of this work was to investigate the temporal variation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. curassavica in two seasons of the year (dry and rainy). The essential oil of aerial parts was obtained by steam distillation, 12 and 17 compounds were identified for dry and rainy seasons respectively by GC-MS. The major component was for the dry season 1,7,7-trimethyl tricyclo (2.2.1.0(2,6)) heptane (20.3 percent), and for the rainy season was germacrene (24.41 percent). The antibacterial activity of essential oils varies temporarily because was active in nine strains in the dry season and four in the wet. The more sensitive strains were Stapahylococcus epidermidis and Vibrio cholera. The essential oil obtained in dry season presented a MIC of 0.75 and 0.125 mg/mL, and for the rainy season a MIC of 1.00 and 0.375 mg/mL respectively. Rhizoctonia solani was the more sensitive fungi strain (IC25 0.1300 mg/mL) in the rainy season. These results show that the chemical composition and biological properties of essential oil of the C. curassavica have temporal variation.

La población de San Rafael para tratar padecimientos gastrointestinales y respiratorios emplean Cordia curassavica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue investigar la variación temporal de la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de C. curassavica colectada en dos épocas del año (sequía y lluvias). El aceite esencial se obtuvo mediante la técnica de arrastre de vapor y los componentes se identificaron por CG-MS. En la época de secas se detectaron 12 compuestos y 17 en la de lluvias. El principal componente para la época de secas fue el 1,7,7 trimetil triciclo (2.2.1.0(2,6)) heptano (20.3 por ciento) y para la temporada de lluvias fue el germacrano (24.41 por ciento). La actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial varía temporalmente porque fue activo sobre nueve cepas en la época seca y sobre cuatro cepas en la época lluviosa. Las cepas más sensibles para ambas estaciones fueron Stapahylococcus epidermidis y Vibrio cholerae. En la época de seca, el aceite esencial presentó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 0.75 y 0.125mg/mL, mientras que en la época de lluvias fueron de 1.00 y 0.375 mg/mL respectivamente. La cepa fúngica más sensible fue Rhizoctonia solani (IC25 0.130 mg/mL) en la época de lluvia. Estos resultados muestran que la composición química y las propiedades biológicas de los aceites esenciales de Cordia curassavica varian de acuerdo a la época del año.